TYLER HOECHLIN at ELLE’s Women In Music 2011
www.youtube.com www.maximotv.com Maximo TV – License this clip TYLER HOECHLIN (Hall Pass, Teen Wolf) at ELLE’s 2nd Annual Women In Music Event at the Music Box in LosAngeles California USA April 11, 2011 ***This footage is available for licensing*** The viewing of this clip by website visitors is only permissible for personal use; copying, commercial use, distribution, broadcast, download, additional use or transfer is expressly prohibited. Contact us for more information at maximotv.com for proper clearance. © Ricomix Productions MaximoTV™ / maximotv.com MAXIMO TV – MAXIMO TV – MAXIMO TV
Video Rating: 4 / 5
ARIEL WINTER Attends ELLE’s Women In Music 2011
www.youtube.com www.maximotv.com Maximo TV – License this clip ARIEL WINTER (MOdern Family, Singer) at ELLE’s 2nd Annual Women In Music Event at the Music Box in LosAngeles California USA April 11, 2011 ***This footage is available for licensing*** The viewing of this clip by website visitors is only permissible for personal use; copying, commercial use, distribution, broadcast, download, additional use or transfer is expressly prohibited. Contact us for more information at maximotv.com for proper clearance. © Ricomix Productions MaximoTV™ / maximotv.com MAXIMO TV – MAXIMO TV – MAXIMO TV
Video Rating: 4 / 5
Celtic Women in Music: A Celebration of Beauty and Sovereignty
Celtic Women in Music: A Celebration of Beauty and Sovereignty
List Price: $ 16.95
Price: $ 2.93
Sista Otis @ Women in Music
Women in Music present Sista Otis August 27, 2011 featuring Mike Roth on Bass
Video Rating: 0 / 5
Rock ‘n’ Roll Custom Banners
Rock ‘n’ Roll Custom Banners
Music has an incredible ability to conjure up memories and emotions. Music soothes us when we are feeling down and takes us over the edge when our adrenaline is pumping. Reckon about a movie you have seen recently. Was it scary? Was it a comedy? Did the film focus on a dramatic event? Regardless of the category of film, there was no doubt music involved. In some movies the music is nearly unnoticeable, while in others it plays a huge part in how the tale unfolds.
Music is excellent on screen, but even better LIVE!
Throughout the entire world, there are people who absolutely like going to see live music. I prefer live music to any other form. Whether in a bar, a football stadium or in an outdoor amphitheater, I like the excitement of watching the band walk onstage and hearing the music blare out of the massive speakers that surround the area. I also like watching all of the other people at the concert. Certain bands attract eccentric crowds that must be seen to be believed. I delight in watching these unconventional types because on the street these people are completely normal with no discernible personality features, but when they go to a concert they really let loose and place on a show for the people around them.
I like a band that puts on a excellent show.
There are certain bands, usually the ones that have been around for a while, that really know how to place on a excellent show. Music is usually only part of the reason that people attend concerts. I go to concerts for the music and people watching, but some people go just to see the rock stars on stage. Some bands are more about unpredictability than anything. For example, the Grateful Dead were well-known for never playing the same set of songs twice, while the band KISS is known as much for their music as they are for face paint and pyrotechnics.
We are the Rolling Stones!
I went to a Rolling Stones concert in Seattle five years ago. I like the Rolling Stones and this was the best concert I have ever been to. I have a Rolling Stones full color banner on my wall at home! Even though they’re getting a bit older, the band still has tons of energy and really know how to party! The show had it all: gorgeous women, excellent music and tons of energy. I have seen the Rolling Stones in concert ten times and I will continue to go to their concerts at every chance I get.
Those are huge lips!
My first Stones show was the best. After the band came onstage, Mick Jagger, the lead singer, leaned into the microphone and announced, “We are the Rolling Stones.” After he said those words, a huge custom banner in the shape of the band’s trademark lips symbol unraveled on the wall behind the band. After the custom banner was unraveled, the band started to play and didn’t stop for three hours! I must have taken thirty pictures of the band playing in front of that huge full color banner. I have now seen the custom banners unravel at ten different shows, and I get goosebumps every time! My birthday is next month, and I am going to question for a Rolling Stones vinyl banner from my parents! I like getting my custom banner fix at Rolling Stones concerts!
Women at an Exposition: Music Composed by Women and Performed at the 1893 World’s Fair in Chicago
Women at an Exposition: Music Composed by Women and Performed at the 1893 World’s Honest in Chicago Top Deals
Release Date: 1993-07-27, Audio CD, Koch Int’L Classics
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Q&A: Neighbors playing ” music ” that is too loud?
Question by ;: Neighbors playing ” music ” that is too loud?
I live in a large house that is split 3 ways, so it’s made into 3 apartments. One large downstairs and two upstairs. I live upstairs and suffer from health problems and the other woman who lives up stairs has a dying mother. The downstairs neighbors blast their bass at all hours of the day. At 8 or 9 on weekends when they know others are here resting, on weekdays at 12 or 3 a.m. And if you have heard bass, you know it doesn’t have to be LOUD to be loud. It is vibrating through every room in my apartment, my head, I just can’t take it anymore.
I called the landlord for the 2nd time today. The other neighbor went downstairs NUMEROUS times to tell them to turn it down and they won’t. They deny it is loud. Please tell me what to do. I am on the verge of threatening them with a small claims. What if I sent a notarized letter and described the issue and sent it to them via registered mail warning them that I will take them to court? If you recommend this, what should I write exactly?
Thank you..
Best answer:
Answer by Amanda C
Call the police
Know better? Leave your own answer in the comments!
The elegant woman like Herve leger
The elegant woman like Herve leger
It is said that we could valuate an unlovely woman “temperament” if she is educated and reasonable. Fortunately and unfortunately, I often get such a compliment. But, I have confidence in temperament. Temperament of the woman will not have a high fever for fashion. Fashion woman is always place on Petty, BoBo, the middle coat to Bo Hearts, etc., while the temperament women always keep lukewarm and tepid to the gorgeous appellation. Never be sufficient to apply the cut, or to recover the fanaticism. You don’t reckon she doesn’t know amorous feelings 。Temperament of the woman would be from fashion to explore in the cool factor for their own, or reject fashion, while advocating oneself, who said that it is not a fashion? The elegant women know how to dress. Ordinary-looking small carelessness will be floated from the front and off, but if you stop attention, there are always some seemingly casual polish will let you savor. To see the elegant women to like a woman’s dress watch Japanese literature – a bowl of crystal clear water, It isn’t add salt inside until taste. The elegant women like music. Not to be arty to make herself looks like somebody. Listening to music as natural as breathing air, and indispensable. The elegant women like the book. As the book is disseminated, to have gentle, elegant woman. Women know how to live. Anyone’s life is not perfect. Worry, anxiety, despair … … always came out from the Pandora’s box quietly, and await the invasion and occupation of our cozy heart. Mundane world of you is not been causing unrest in a terrible fix out? While the elegant women will be first covered with dust, Temporarily, “Life is Elsewhere.” Until the time of cool and wise when God killed a gorgeous backstroke. “Poetic Life” is her abide by the guidelines. So, she always Poetic life. Early morning wake up, which pick a cloud on his pocket, the day that the mood was light and graceful city. Even busy she could sneak in a timely manner, flying mood: the grass under the window finally drilled out; drops of ink on paper signs in a dog; sunset color unpredictable, that they do not know how to creat ; snowflakes drift down a bit when the order did not randomly change the direction of … … they are the small bright spot, the day will not gloomy. The elegant women always maintain a gentle heart. The style women have many excellent quality; they also have a lot of style. Perhaps she is on your side. Real temperament of a woman, never tell anyone what their read books, where they go, what clothes, how much jewelry, because she did not inferiority. —– Innovative thoughts to stand up, affordable, afford, can afford to show. America can naturally, but temperament is bought cultivation, such as:
1, Station: Station must be pretty and upright abdomen, head and other saith God, chest do not quite go out, everything should be flat, which is a minimum of standing, and no matter where, in what situations, as long as station must maintain this form, for a long time ,it will form a habit.
2 Another point to note on the appearance of that clothing, and such herve leger that the style is not necessarily non-brand names, but it must be appropriate for their age, shape, and wear clothing with its own personality, a excellent man who wear excellent clothes, but not necessarily on the non-fit you.
3 Well, Excellent appearance always have , that is now self-confidence, self-confidence you are the most gorgeous and best. Do not place in the mouth, it must be a humble life, the wise man always praise in others. Also do not promote their own online so how, how, and the higher hope you gave the more disappiont they would feel while meet. To be in my heart, from the heart out of the distribution, expressed in your face.
4, it comes face to talk about facial expressions, smile, remember, smile, do not transfixed, and do not laugh Huazhiluanchan. Do not smile without teeth, then look up your lips gently. The most vital thing is your eyes, listening to others, or face the people to speak, not look around, and remember that a woman’s eyes, it is said in a book that women’s eye is the gate of their soul, so let’s make full use of it. Well, all have, and whether you are a high-low, or gorgeous and hideous, you must give yourself the confidence ,you must believe you are the best personality.But;it show your self-confidence, and give yourself one point more temperament. Temperament from the heart, to keep his bar a pure excellent heart
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222,000 dollars for “illegal sharing of music”?
Question by Wire and String: 222,000 dollars for “illegal sharing of music”?
http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2003926501_downloader05.html here is an article to read before you respond. So here we have an industry that is blatently fighting to keep its oligopoly intact and has been in distress before for price fixing is suing a woman with small resources and 2 children for a ton of money and succeeding. The FCC is joke, the same few companies own the record companies, the television companies, the internet providers and the radio stations. So there it is- When is enough enough? How can we take back music? how can we split up these giant companies so that they dont have conflicts of interest in doing things like playing independent music or speaking negatively about their own companies or providing our internet data to people trying to prosecute us? just in general- do you reckon its broke- and how do we fix it?
I am really more interested in what people reckon about these giant media oligopolies than i am about the “did the woman commit a crime” debate. she obviously is guilty of a small, very common crime and is being punished rather severly for it. That is not in question- what is in question is what these companies are doing to her and their own shady business practices and what we can do about it.
Best answer:
Answer by mustagme
Downloading music for free is ILLEGAL. It is against copyright laws. She knew the laws and willfully broke them. I fully support the music industry. It is a secret to no one that downloading music is illegal and should be punished accordingly.
Add your own answer in the comments!
Are black people interested in anything other than rap?
Question by panuber_theking: Are black people interested in anything other than rap?
Are black people interested in anything other than rap? It seems to me they are only intensely interested in rap songs like “this is why i’m hot” and “akon convict music” ? If black women could redirect their efforts away from rap music and toward the treadmill they might really get thin!
Best answer:
Answer by nickeyshe
I’m not black but I’m guessing you have a hazel nut for a brain.
Give your answer to this question below!
Self Confidence to Attract Women – 5 Tips to Boost Your Self Confidence Now
Self Confidence to Attract Women – 5 Tips to Boost Your Self Confidence Now
Seeking self-confidence to attract women? Note that these activities involve some kind of compromise to gain mastery or competence. Here are 7 activities build self-confidence to attract women.
1 – Do some yard work or fix something at home. This is a excellent stereotype for men … to fix things. When something breaks or garden looks a small sloppy, before calling a repair man or gardener, try it yourself. Not only save you money, but you will feel excellent about yourself if it is a pleasant appearance.
2 – Martial Arts / boxing or wrestling. A man who can go against another man is considered a man who can protect a woman from danger. Women are attracted to the combatants, even if you do not want to see the fight. Women can see the self confidence within yourself!
3 – Music & Art. When it comes to women’s music have been attracted to musicians since the beginning of time. Look at the rock stars, rappers and singers. a long line of women trying to get their attention (some concerts, women musicians really flash or pull their underwear on stage). If you draw or sculpt, this may be an advantage too.
4 – Go out and talk to women. If you are shy, this is an even better reason to go out and leave your shyness. This also gives you excellent practice. As a sport they want to practice to gain an advantage so you can “win.”
5 – Join a gym or buy exercise equipment. The development is something we all have to add to our repertoire. Not only make you look more confident excellent.you reality due to the added muscle and strength.
PALM PRE COMMERCIAL “MUSIC”?
Question by J.F.: PALM PRE COMMERCIAL “MUSIC”?
WHAT IS THE SONG PLAYED IN THE NEW PALM PRE CELL PHONE COMMERCIAL? THE COMMERCIAL HAS A WOMEN HEAD AND SHOULDER SHOWN AND THEN THE PHONE IS SHOWN.
Best answer:
Answer by T
There are 2 commercials currently circulating.
1. Has the girl singing in the facebook profile.
Artist: IO Echo
Song: Doorway
Watch here… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tK0sRE1vtts
2. Has the kung fu students and the young blonde sitting in the center.
Artist: M83
Song: Lower your eyelids to die with the sun
Watch here…. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K2xqBP3LSa8
Hope that helps.
What do you reckon? Answer below!
JoJo at ELLE’s Women In Music 2011
www.youtube.com www.maximotv.com Maximo TV – License this clip JoJo (Joanna Noëlle Blagden Levesque) at ELLE’s 2nd Annual Women In Music Event at the Music Box in LosAngeles California USA April 11, 2011 ***This footage is available for licensing*** The viewing of this clip by website visitors is only permissible for personal use; copying, commercial use, distribution, broadcast, download, additional use or transfer is expressly prohibited. Contact us for more information at maximotv.com for proper clearance. © Ricomix Productions MaximoTV™ / maximotv.com MAXIMO TV – MAXIMO TV – MAXIMO TV
Video Rating: 5 / 5
Lord Mayo Reviews
Lord Mayo
Price: $ 0.89
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The “Music” of RICHARD WAGNER: why do you HATE it? why do you LOVE it? Or, are you simply INDIFFERENT to it?
Question by Alberich: The “Music” of RICHARD WAGNER: why do you HATE it? why do you LOVE it? Or, are you simply INDIFFERENT to it?
If you are a lover of Classical Music, and have been “reasonably” exposed to Wagner’s music, do you reckon that it’s possible to be/become indifferent to it? Guess I should define what I mean by “reasonably” exposed: “you’ve listened with attention on several ( a dozen or more-?) occasions, to either entire or parts of some of his operas”.
Do you reckon it might be just a question of taste? But one could question, “what” is taste? Don’t we make conscious choices during the course of the evolution of our tastes, regarding any topic? Say, like food? I use to not like onions; but I learned how excellent for ones health they are to consume; so I included them in my diet, and over the years have developed a taste for them: I like to eat them now.
Or is the bottom line as the Richard Gere character commented to that of Julia Roberts in the film “Pretty Woman”, referring to opera in general: “…..you either like it, or despise it”.
Your thoughts?
Alberich
P.S.: remember, the question is about Wagner’s music; try not to become tangential – Thanks.
Best answer:
Answer by Waundering Soul
Never heard of it.
What do you reckon? Answer below!
Selective And Annotated Guides For Sheet Music Collection
Selective And Annotated Guides For Sheet Music Collection
Preliminary a sheet music collection is stress-free, just the once you’ve decisive what you aspire to gather. Sheet music is not high priced and nearly relaxed to catch. You can catch music at yard exchange of object for money, ancient appearance and on the internet. Merely music that is exact infrequent or precious is high-priced.
A excellent number piece can be making at a cost stuck between three and twenty five dollars. Really precious sheet music can bring a price of up to a thousand dollars, but not many pieces lowering into this type of music. You will learn music in some color graphic or matter issue you are searching for music collection.
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People save sheet music in numerous techniques. Occasionally sheet music is composed by the brand or songs. You could situate simultaneously a experiences of melody in America with a sheet music collection. You could prepare music collection with the intact experiences of our nation or be engrossed in on single period time or decennary.
The potential are boundless – be imaginative while constructed dwelling your group! Songs have been printed about a excellent number significant proceedings in our experiences, as well as wars, airplane crashes and natural disasters. Themes similar as be fond of or the development of representation of women in music are well-known themes for sheet music collections. Alternative collection agency adjusts on single melodist or cover-up artiste of sheet music collections.
Ragtime composition from the untimely twentieth century is common with collection agency of vintage sheet music. This melody is thought-out the established institution of progressive jazz melody. A ragtime melody collection appears extreme spread in a room embellish in the experimental American way. And the cover-up ability on rag period sheet music appears extreme spread in picture frames on a wall or sofa table.
Melody printed by well loved songwriter is well-known between sheet music collectors. This harmony is quickly accessible in all harmony genres. Alternative collection agency adjusts on precious or vintage sheet music.
The cost of these papers relies upon to a fantastic extent on the action of the sheets music. Pieces in mint action will be additional high-priced music. Largely sheet music isn’t making in ideal action. The backbone of the sheet was regularly busted to produce the mark aim up toward in the music stage. Spills, tears and title printed on the wrap, are general as sheet music was frequently utilized at parties.
Sheet music spread in a personal room or slab place make an extreme central purpose of music. Same citizens who don’t gather sheet music work it in a show of alternative collectibles. Collection agency of beer, whisky, golf, military, cigars or trains can learn sheet music to significance their group in sheet music collections.
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Defined pieces of sheet music with grand cover-up ability embellish a show of alternative collectibles. Collection agency of memorabilia from movies or Broadway creation frequently survey for sheet music printed for the making.
Some sheet music that isn’t spread ought to be saved correctly to maintain the action. Supply every collection of sheet music in a flexible baggie alike those utilize for comic paperback collections. Position those bags in a copious flexible storage space holder for physical object to save from harm them from being tired or wrinkly. Store your containers in a dull position far away from sunlight or wetness, which can destruction the music.
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Banana Republic music – “Its a man’s world”?
Question by HoustonNeo: Banana Republic music – “Its a man’s world”?
I was at a local BR store and this song by a woman was playing “Its a man’s world”. There were arabic undertones and the track was so cool! No one in the store knew who the singer was. Can someone help me find the singer/album information?
Thanks
Best answer:
Answer by Dylan
well thats a james brown song but i know that christina aguilera did a well-known cover of it, but arabic im not sure maybe someone else did a cover also
What do you reckon? Answer below!
Unsung: A History of Women in Music Hardcover
Unsung: A History of Women in Music Hardcover
When the first edition of Unsung was published in 1980 Booklist called it “a publishing event” and The Boston Globe declared that “Unsung is a book that relies on research more than rhetoric and, as such, gives long overdue recognition to the role of women in the development of American music.” Unsung became the classic text in the field; this second edition, revised and expanded, extends the book’s authority to the present day by surveying a full 200 years of active women in American music. List Price: $ 34.95 Price:
The Art of War for Women: Sun Tzu's.., Chu, Chin-Ning 9780385518437 NEW Book
Victorian Woman Toots Horn Riding Bicycle 4x6 Reprint Photo
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Cool Women In Music images
Some cool women in music images:
DPP_0006
Image by David.R.Carroll
WestFest 2008: "A celebration of Canadian aboriginal women in music"
Atmosphere
DPP_0022
Image by David.R.Carroll
WestFest 2008: "A celebration of Canadian aboriginal women in music"
Atmosphere
Louis Icart Women in Music Room Etching Fine Art Print Poster
Louis Icart Women in Music Room Etching Fine Art Print Poster
- High quality print on completely non-glare, fine art quality, thick heavy stock
- Dimensions: 25 1/4″ x 19″ (appr)
- Image Size: 23 3/4″ x 17 1/2″ (appr)
- Louis Icart (1888- 1950)
The extreme delicacy of the artist’s line, the Icart elegance, the fine movement of an outstretched hand, the show of a provocative thigh, a well – drawn glove or shoe, all these elements added charm to the delightful young women in his etchings. The Icart girl, whether described as a countess or a flapper, set the theme for an era. He captured the free and simple attitude of a girl with the shingled hair and the cupid bow mouth. Whether she was smoking a cigarette or driving a car or reveali
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The Pioneer Woman: Black Heels to Tr.., Drummond, Ree 9780061997167 NEW Book
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women in music
A few nice women in music images I found:
women in music
Image by roberta zouain
Vila Madalena – São Paulo – Brazil
Olympus Trip + Agfa Photovista ISO 200
Women in Music
Image by Sami Oinonen
yet another meme
DPP_0015
Image by David.R.Carroll
WestFest 2008: "A celebration of Canadian aboriginal women in music"
Atmosphere
Elle Women in Music Party 2010
I attended Elle Magazine’s Women in Music event. There were Super Woman all over the place including Kelis and Patti LaBelle! I reported on this event for IAAS.com
Video Rating: 5 / 5
Shakira get the 4 place in the top Earning women in Music in 2007. Source Frobes
Video Rating: 4 / 5
An Assessment of Sports Reporting In Cameroon, Its Challenges and Prospects
An Assessment of Sports Reporting In Cameroon, Its Challenges and Prospects
Certification
This is to certify and attest that, Sports Journalism in Cameroon, Its Challenges and Prospects is the original work of Solomon LYONGA IKUNDI (SM07A474).
Date…………………………………….
Signature……………………………..
Kingsley Lyonga Ngange
Supervisor
Dedication
This dissertation is dedicated to my mother, Stella-Maris Nalowa Ikundi for all she has done for me and all she will do. To her, I am most grateful.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I want to start by thanking God for his abundant blessings in my life. Yes indeed, the excellent lord has carried me this far and he has made me to realise some of my huge dreams.
To my supervisor, brother and senior colleague, Kingsley Lyonga Ngange, I say thank you for enduring my weaknesses. Your intellectual support and your friendship gave me fantastic inspiration and a motivation to go ahead. You are the best!
My deepest and profound gratitude goes to my grand parents, Mr. and Mrs. Ikundi in Small Soppo, my mother, Stella Ikundi, my aunt in Canada, Elizabeth Ikundi.
Today, I also reckon in a special way of Lydia Limeni Ikundi, Louis Ikundi, Joseph Lyonga Ikundi, Cecilia Eposi Ewunde, Emma Ikundi, Fidel Ikundi, Irene Ikundi, S.L. Ikundi and all the Ikundis. I reckon my plans would have backfired without these people.
I am also indebted to all those who have always made me to hope. I reckon of Mr. Charles Ndi Chia, Mr. Matute Menyoli, Mr. Samuel Bokuba, Mr. Zachary Nkwo, Mr. Njomo Kevin, Simon Lyonga, Mr. Mbua Evelle and all my friends.
Thank you Richard Ashu Atem-Ojong for proof reading my work. You are a friend indeed.
To all my lecturers, Dr. Enoh Tanjong, Henry Z. Muluh, Diffang Funge and Divine Besong, thanks a million!
May the excellent lord reward you all immensely.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Certification……………………………………………………………………………………………i
Dedication………………………………………………………………………………………………ii
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………………………iii
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………….vi
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………………v
CHAPTER I: Introduction
Background
History of Sports Journalism……………………………………………………………………….6
Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………………………………….9
Hypothesis………………………………………………………………………………………………….10
Research Questions……………………………………………………………………………………10
Objectives…………………………………………………………………………………………………..10
Significance…………………………………………………………………………………………………11
CHAPTER II: Literature Review……………………………………………………………………..13
CHAPTER III: Methodology…………………………………………………………………………….18
Sampling Plot and Procedure……………………………………………………………………….19
Instrumentation…………………………………………………………………………………………….20
Pre-Test………………………………………………………………………………………………………..20
Data Collection………………………………………………………………………………………………21
Concept Explication………………………………………………………………………………………21
Limitations……………………………………………………………………………………………………..24
CHAPTER IV: Discussion and Inferences…………………………………………………………25
Chapter V: Conclusions and Generalisations…………………………………………………..32
Challenges of Sports Journalism in Cameroon………………………………………………..37
Recommendations.………………………………………………………………………………………….39
Refereneces
Appendix
Questionnaires………………………………………………………………………………………………..45
Chapter One:
History of Sports Journalism
Mark Inabinett (1994) notes that the decade or so between the end of World War I and the beginning of the Fantastic Depression was described as a decade of change.
America and the world wanted to place the memory of the Fantastic War behind them and delight in life. The economy was booming and Americans fell in like with sports.
The 1920s was described as the Age of the Spectators as new and larger stadiums and gymnasiums were built and the radio became the most favourite medium that provided news about sporting events. Newspapers too increased their coverage of sports and fans were able through the media, to keep up with their favourite teams. Baseball was the most vital discipline in America in the 20s and it was during this golden age that sport fans started to emerge.
Inabinett(1994) notes that Grantland Rice wrote about the athletes who made the age golden. He is celebrated as the pioneer in sports writing with a writing style that employed both hyperbole and lyricism to paint vivid images of athletes.
In August 1954, sports journalism in America was changed forever with the birth of the Sports Illustrated Magazine. During its first five years of growth, the magazine was aimed at the American middle class consumer and covered just about middle class consumer and covered just about any sports tale it could cover. As years went on, the magazine started to specialise on sports like baseball, football and basketball.
HISTORY OF SPORTS JOURNALISM IN ASIA
Sports journalism in Asia started gaining importance only after 1985 in Nepal, according to Acharya(1998). At that time, there were only two broadsheet dailies, Gorkhapatra and The Rising Nepal. In those days, it was hard to talk about a separate page for sports in a newspaper and even the coverage that was given was very scanty (Shakya, 1999)
The history of sports journalism started with Sporting Times, a sports magazine published in 1956 and edited by Manindra RajShrestha. It was an English fortnightly ( Shakya.1999). The magazine stopped publication after a few issue. Since then, a number of sports magazines were published, but none of them lasted long e.g. Rangasala and another magazine published by The National sports council of Nepal called Khel Ra Kheledi in 1968.
HISTORY OF SPORTS JOURNALISM IN CAMEROON
Basically, the first sports reporters in Cameroon went on the airwaves of Radio Diffusion du Cameroun (Radio Cameroon) in the late 1960s. But it is Peter Essoka and French colleague, Abel Mbengue who quickly gained prominence when they were sent to Sudan to cover the 1970 edition of the African Nations Cup.
According to Njomo Kevin, who covered the 1994 World Cup for CRTV radio, late Mark Nebo was one of the first to present sport programmes on the national radio in the 1960s. Denis Lafon was equally running sports in Radio Buea nearly at the same time.
For the broadcast media, the pioneers in English sports reporting were Mark Nebo, Peter Essoka, Zachary Nkuo, Ben Becka Jovens, Njomo Kevin, Michael Nzeh, Gregory Alem, Peter Afuh in Bamenda(RIP), Joves Ngwa, Mboh Herbert, Ignatius Fon Echekiye. Njomo narrates that in the French desk, names like Andre Ngangue, Abel Mbengue, David Walter Lea, Ernest Mbende, Daniel Anicet Noah, Joseph Eloundou Nzieh, Samuel Alame, Jean Lambert Nang proved to be colourful scribes.
According to Professor Boyomo Assala of the Advanced School of Mass Communications, the first all-sports newspaper in Cameroon was Courrier Sportif du Benin published from 1955 to 1974.
Historically, women have not been extremely involved in sports reportage. According to Njomo, the first female sports reporter in the country on Television was Pamela Messi in 1988, while the much loved Judith Ngale did sports on radio. Others like the late Christiana Nkuo Ufenyi gave a proper account of themselves. In 2004, a female journalist, Magdalene Soppi Kotto was raised to the level of chief of the Sports desk at the national station of the Cameroon Radio Television.
HISTORY OF WOMEN IN SPORTS JOURNALISM
Robyn Gordon(2010) notes that the past ten years have seen a growth in the number of women in sports broadcasting with such well known broadcasters like Lesley Vissey, Robin Roberts and Andrea Kremer.
While male sports casters still outnumber female broadcasters in Cameroon, women are participating more and more in sports, and even even given play by play commentaries. CRTV’s Tina Kwo covered the 2009 edition of the Mount Cameroon Race of Hope and chief of radio sports, Magdalene Kotto has been covering the African Nations Cup since 2004 and gave play by play commentaries on radio and Television during the 2010 edition of the African Nations Cup in Angola.
Today, women even comprise a growing percentage of the sports audience.
Jane Chastain, Dona De Varona and Jeannie Morris are considered the pioneers in female sports broadcasting. Chastain became the first woman to work as a commentator for a major news network (CBS), according to Robyn Gordon(2010)
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Sports journalism that recorded high points in our country with the brilliant performance of some local sport reporters has been experienced some low points lately with very few Cameroonians relying on local and national television, radio and newspaper for sports news.
Many a time, the local media have been accused of failing to be current in satisfying the thirst of sport fans.
The audience seems to prefer following sports on foreign media outlets, sports reporting is even ignored by some media houses in the country; a country that has no specialised sports broadcast media. As a result of the advances in communication technologies, many channels and stations exist, nearly all given some quantity of sports. The audience can now freely choose and use the media for their gratification. Many fascinating sports programmes on local television like Sports Vision and one time highly loved sports panorama are being rejected for others on Supersports like Soccer Africa. Today, the foreign media and foreign sports channels have grown so powerful, so much so that they set the sports agenda in Cameroon.
This research will be examining the following hypothesis:
Cameroonians sport fans have not derived fantastic satisfaction from the local media, and they seem to be turning elsewhere for their sports.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
ü To what extent do All-sports foreign TV channels limit the sports audience for local television
ü Can the reporting of sports influence our choices and attitudes?
ü Which do Cameroonians rely on for sports between local and foreign media?
ü Which do Cameroonians rely on for national sports between the government owned media and the private local media?
ü Which media do Cameroonians prefer for sports between TV, radio, newspaper, internet and others?
ü Are women athletes treated and presented differently by the media?
ü Which is more covered between male and female sports?
ü What is the place of sports in the media compared with other programme genres?
ü Which sports is given greater attention in the local media?
ü Has the fusion of the media into sports contributed to the development of sports?
OBJECTIVES
This study is not a practical guide on how to become a excellent sports reporter. Our objectives therefore are:
To identify and situate sport journalism’s wider place within the broader field of the media in Cameroon.
Ø It will also offer a historically informed snapshot on some of the issues, personality debates and challenges that have influenced the growth of sports reporting in this country.
Ø The study also seeks to establish the role the media has played in making some sporting disciplines well loved and world class.
Ø It will equally examine the extent to which sports journalism in the developed world delimits the advancement of local sports reporting.
Ø At the end of it all, this study will reveal the sports discipline that is most loved by the sports audience.
SIGNIFICANCE:
v Apart from understanding the essence of this academic work, it would be vital to anticipate the logical outcome of this study on Sports journalism in Cameroon.
v This study will first and foremost help me to place into practice the theoretical concepts and facts gained in class for as John Maxwell puts it, “practice does not only make perfect, it makes permanent”.
v It will also reveal the level of exposure of Cameroonians to foreign and local media for sports update.
v The study will diagnose reasons why Cameroonians practice escapism, ignoring local media and local sports for foreign media and foreign sports.
v This study will pass across a strong message to media moguls in our country and even the government to consider possibilities of starting specialised sports channels and also to change mindsets of media employers to start employing sports casters.
v In a special way, this study will reveal the place of women sports reporters in the media and also examine the coverage and attention given to female sports championships.
v Above all, the study will lay the platform and set the pace for subsequent studies on sports reporting in Cameroon and elsewhere.
Chapter Two
LITERATURE REVIEW
Sports has become increasingly vital in the world today. In Cameroon, sport is seen as a culture, a religion and a way of life. According to ace sports reporter, Zachary Nkwo, when the Indomitable Lions succeed, alcohol is often made a virtue.
The power and audacity of sports is unquestionable and over the years, the United Nations Organisation has been using sports to preach the message of peace in war torn regions like Haiti, Darfur, Ethiopia. Many communication scholars have argued that the fusion of sports and the media has contributed immensely to crystallize major sports competitions in the world, thereby making sports reportage an vital component in the print and broadcast media.
Acharya (1998) opines that sports journalism is the process of collecting, editing and disseminating the news about the activities of sports. Shakya (1999) further states that because of its vital role in disseminating news on sports events, the media is involved in the development of sports.
David Gallagher (1991) notes that the 1970s were a low point in Cameroonian journalism. He reveals that over thirty papers and disappeared in rapid succession and all or a majority of them supported the Ahidjo regime because they had no other option since Ahidjo had imposed censorship on them. Gallagher notes that most of these newspapers were heavy on sports reporting and greatly avoided politics to stay out of distress.
Laurent Charles Boyomo Assala (1998) reveals that the first All-sports newspaper was Courrier Spotif du Benin, first published in 1955. It folded in 1974 with its downfall prompted by the expensive failure of the Cameroon National team at the 1972 Nations Cup at home. (Boyomo)
“When President Biya came to power, other sport papers came up like, Football Elite of Jean Pierre Betfiang, Sports Panorama of Bounougou Fouda, Jacques Joseph Akana’s Sports Afrique and Progress Sports edited by Joseph Eloundou Nzie.”
Boyomo (ibid) states that most of the sport papers featured football news prominently. In Football Elite, 153 out of 160 pages were dedicated to football. CRTV Television has a one hour programme entirely for football( FOU FOU FOOT).
Boyomo Assala(1998) notes again that sports journalists in Cameroon must be careful as they report because the eye of the world is on them. He clarified in his paper that supporters don’t like sports reporters who give incorrect facts, who flounder with the choice of words and don’t even know the rules of the game. He quoted the example of Casimir Amassana who was trashed by fans of Tonnere for giving incorrect facts.
Mutations newspaper, in its 27 JANVIER 2009 edition published reactions on the life of Zachary Nkwo. Most of those who reacted suggested that Nkwo is one of the most loved of all the sports reporters is Zachary Nkwo for his immense contribution in shaping Cameroon’s sports history. Some of the contributors noted that Nkwo painted the picture of matches in their mind and practically made players like Nkono, Abega, Mbida…Milla mystical. He received the 2008 CAMASEJ award for being an untiring professional and contributing to the growth of sports journalism in Cameroon.
Andrew Boyd (2001, 25) states that many in the audience tolerate the news only because they know that if they stay tuned they will get the latest football, cricket, or rugby results.
Local teams and clubs often feature strongly in regional news, especially if they are doing well or terribly in their leagues, and this is reflected at a national level, where news usually focuses on the promotion battles and relegation struggles that mark the changing fortunes of the top and bottom contenders.
Writing about sports, Jerry Azar(1999) pontificates that sports game settings are often a war zone, a minefield of bruised egos who have undergone rejection, dejection and in some cases ejection. Azar warns sports reporters to avoid asking the incorrect questions after a bitter loss because it can set fireworks.
Boyle(2005) states that sports have become increasingly global in the contemporary mediated age. To him, the fusion of sports and the media has helped propel and transform major sports competitions such as the FIFAWorld Cup and the Olympic Games.
Organisers of major sporting events have always stressed the need for sports reporters to follow ethics. During a workshop on ethics in sports reporting concluded in Beijing on November 30, 2007, the International Olympic committee stressed the importance of the increased awareness of ethical issues in sports. Organised in close collaboration with UNESCO and the Communication University of China, the 40 journalists who took part bought reporting skills and were drilled on the culture of China to enable them develop cross cultural strategies.
In an open letter to Michael Bascombe (2010), publisher of the news today in Grenada, on the poor state of sports reporting in Grenada, Beverly Sinclair calls on experienced sports reporters to improve on the quality of sports reporting in Grenada by imparting their skills to the cub sports reporters through seminars and workshops, and not just sit and complain that the standard of sports reporting in their country is depreciating. Sinclair notes that training for sports reporters is sadly lacking, but the ancient names can make sports reporting better since they are role models.
Robert Gordon (2010) notes that female sports reporters are becoming highly professional. He quotes Lesley Visser, the first female NFL analyst on TV, who was voted the number one female sports caster in the United States by the American sports casters associations, who notes that even though female sports journalism is still considered young and novel by many sports fans and commentators, female sports casters are determined and will continue to convince the world that gender should not and does not affect an individual’s manner to report a tale, regardless of its content and report it well.
Silwal, in Acharya(1998) notes that there has been a frequent publication of sports magazines, but all of them stop publication after a few issues. To him, the main reason for this closure of all these publications (in Nepal) is as a result of financial instability. He opines that lack of financial resources for the publication, lack of advertisement and small market influence the shutdown of sports magazines.
Juliana Koranteng, (1998) reveals that football clubs have begun pumping their share and money into the new media. Koranteng suggests that the increasing global allure of local clubs such as Manchester United, Barcelona, Arsenal, and Juventus has encouraged such clubs to consider launching their own TV channels and radio stations. They also run websites informing their publics about team news, player transfer etc e.g. Arsenal TV and www.chelsea.com According to Koranteng, football tops the coverage chart in most sports channels.
Margaret Carlisle Duncan and Michael Alan Messner(2010) have been researching on gender stereotyping in televised sports. Both believe that women are also given “small shrift” in the media. While studying and observing sports coverage on three network affiliates in Los Angeles, they report that only 9% of airtime was devoted to the coverage to the coverage of feminine sports in contrast to the 88% devoted to male athletes. Margaret Duncan notes that about 97% of commentators use different language when they talk about female athletes.
“When men are described as huge, strong, brilliant, gutsy and aggressive, women are more often referred to as weary, fatigued, frustrated, panicked, vulnerable and choking.”
To the scholars, this tendency reduces female athletes to the role of children, while giving adult status to male athletes.
Corroborating Duncan and Messner, the Canadian Association for the Advancement of Women, Sports and Physical Activity noted in its 2007 report that female athletes receive just three percent sports coverage in major Canadian dailies.
In an article by Africa Media Online,(2010) World Cup tales that go beyond sports reporting They note that journalists reporting about the worldcup should be able to dig deeper to provide tales that go beyond mere sports. To these communication scholars, 126 African sport journalists who were in South Africa were tasked with telling Africa’s tales more fully and with unique perspective. Sport reporters tight with African media outlets were expected to present South Africa in a favourable light while capitalising on the economic impact of the world cup.
Geoff Pearson et al (2007), the media coverage of football hooliganism. He argues that the tabloid’s style of reporting, such as the publishing of league tables of hooligan notoriety (Daily Mirror 1974) serve to encourage hooligans by placing them in the limelight. Pearson notes that within Britain the tabloid press in particular have found hooliganism to be an simple target for the kind of sensationalist reporting that boosts their circulation. This sensationalist style of reporting often relies on powerful headlines grounded in violent imagery and war metaphors
CHAPTER THREE
Methodology
Many Communication researchers share the view that the design of a study leads to the actual solution of the problem. Churchill (1977) notes that research design is the frame work or plot for a study that is used in collecting and analyzing a set of data.
This study on sports reporting in Cameroon, its challenges and prospects will use the descriptive research designs. More of the study will make use of the descriptive design (cross sectional design) which is more specifically the field survey. The survey method is the most appropriate one for this study because of its effectiveness in obtaining quantitative data and measuring different opinion trends and its relatively cheap nature. The study measures different aspects of Cameroonians’ perception of sports reporting in their country.
Sampling Plot and Procedure
In assessing the audience perception of sports journalism in Cameroon, this study will make use of the probability random sampling method with every member within the sampling unit having an equal chance to be included in the sample.
The sampling unit or frame is the Buea, Limbe and Mutengene communities, with an estimated population of at least seven hundred thousand people. Of this number, the opinions of 100 sports fans were analysed. Out of this population, 100 were chosen to be studied purely for academic reasons.
In terms of the male and female ratio, with 59.2% of the respondents were male and 40.8 % female.
Finally, respondents were expected to be at least 15 years ancient since this age group is extensively exposed to sports on the media and can be able to justify their choices and preferences.
INSTRUMENTATION
The main instrument used in this study is the questionnaire to collect data. Apart from the interrogation method employed in the use of questionnaires, other relevant material and data will be bought through abstraction (getting materials from other documents), observation ( anecdotes from ace sports reporters).
The interview schedule or questionnaire was divided into two sections, media use for sports, and, Demographics. A total of 15 questions were drafted, featuring both closed finished questions to limit unnecessary answers and open finished questions, to allow multiple views. Double barrelled and contingent questions were greatly avoided. The questions revolved around three of the four scales of measurement such as the nominal, ordinal and interval, which are relevant to the study.
Pre-Test
The pre-test that had a pilot sample size of 10 respondents was done on May 16, 2010 in Buea. The aim of pre-testing the questionnaire is to maximise the validity and reliability of the data collecting instrument by:
Correcting Errors in the questionnaire e.g. poor framing of questions.
Pre-testing also helps to determine whether the study approach is okay.
During the exercise, areas of misunderstanding or confusion were easily corrected. Nebulous questions were made clear and the views of the respondents were considered with some questions deleted and one added.
Data Collection
I started doing observation on my study on Tuesday, April 14, 2010 interviewing some pioneer sports reporters in the country like Njomo K. Kevin and Zachary Nkwo.
Meanwhile, I started the process of administering questionnaires on May 28, 2010 and this was to last for two weeks. The 100 questionnaires were administered accordingly: Buea(67), Limbe (17), and Mutengene (16).
The response rate stood at 98%. This high response rate is as a result of the fact that the time to administer 100 opinionnaires was ample and long. Also, the subject under study sports and sports reporting interest many people, male and female; young and ancient.
Data entry was done with the help of computer software, the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, SPSS.
Concept Explication
Agenda Setting: The power and audacity of the media to influence what people reckon and talk about. The media does what is referred to as issue crystallisation and greatly influences and raises issues that are given priority in public discussions. This theory was first suggested in 1972 by Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw.
Escapism: The tendency by the audience of avoiding and rejecting local media content for foreign media content.
Home News Abroad: News about local personalities abroad and also involves tit bits about local footballers and athletes in Europe and elsewhere out of the country.
FIFA: The International Association of Football Federations
NFL: The National Football League in America, the most well loved sport league in the United States.
UEFA: Union of European Football Leagues
Interview Schedule: Questionnaires containing questions that are administered by the communication researcher who meets the respondents on a one to one basis.
Media Imperialism: The domination of one country’s media by another country’s media.
Media Use for Sports: The level of exposure to sports related media for sports update.
Sports reporting: The same like sports casting, sports reportage, sports journalism and simply means the process of gathering, filing and making public news about sports events that are of interest.
Sampling Unit: The sampling unit involves the people to be surveyed and their place of origin.
Sampling Size: The sampling size involves the number of people who are to be surveyed.
Sampling procedure: This answers the questions of how will they be selected and how will the survey be done.
All-sports Media outlet: It is either a newspaper, magazine, radio or television that specialises in the coverage of sports.
Football hooliganism: According to Ingham, R. et al., (1978), the term football hooliganism was made by the media, the tabloid press in particular, in the mid-1960s and since then they have been extremely flexible and indeterminate in ascribing the “hooligan” mark to different incidents. Football hooliganism is seen by most to mean violence and/or disorder involving football fans.
Limitations of the Study
Ø There are hurdles and shortcomings nearly everywhere in life. This study has its own inherent limitations:
Ø It is hard to generalise the findings of the study to the whole of Cameroon because of the relative small sample size. Financial constraints could not permit a larger study to be carried out in all the regions of the country.
Ø Bearing in mind that the sample size and unit were not large to reflect Cameroon, the results are there not very reliable.
Ø Communication research is still new in our country and there is very small documented evidence on the evolution of sports reporting in Cameroon. Moreover, very few people have written about the situation of the business of sports reporting in Cameroon. This made it extremely hard to compile literature on sports reportage.
Ø It was also impossible to assess the peripheral areas of most importantly Buea and Limbe because of transportation problems, the high illiteracy rate in most of these villages and the absence of cable that provides access to a long list of foreign sports related channels.
Ø Some respondents were hostile and made things very hard for me. Some respondents were frightened to tell some vital information especially on demographics. They went as far asking references in case anything happens to them.
Chapter Four
Discussion and Inferences
In this descriptive study, we are going to use both the univariate and bivariate methods of data analysis. Respondents were required to have be sports fans so that they can make valid judgements on the media coverage of sports in Cameroon.
As of our empirical findings, the majority of Cameroonians rely on Television for Sports(57.1 %), radio comes second with 21.4%, the new media, that is the internet is gradually making its mark among Cameroonian sport fans providing sports news to some 14.3 % of Cameroonians and newspapers are last as only 7.1 % rely on it for sports. There are very few All-sports newspapers in Cameroon and most information on the sports page of newspapers is nearly always copied directly from the internet. For example, some of the sports on The Post, Monday, July 27, 2009 edition came from the BBC sports website e.g. Nigeria League, Third Best In Africa-FIFA. Sometimes these local papers ignore sports like The Post edition of Friday, October 23, 2009 that was void of sports.
Only 3.1% of the respondents claimed that they knew at least one existing All-sports newspaper, while 96.9% have never read or seen an exclusive sports newspaper in Cameroon. There is a readership problem in Cameroon. Very few people buy newspapers and very few can read, especially in the suburbs. To complicate things, most of the existing All sports papers are in French like Ndamba, published by Emmanuel Gustave Samnick
TV tells the sports tale most of the time, but as can be observed, Cameroonians prefer foreign TV far more than local TV for sports. While 13.3% go for local TV, the majority, 86.7 prefers foreign TV at all times.
Some of the reasons why Cameroonians prefer foreign TV more than Local TV includes, foreign TV`s god images, live matches of Champions league and major European championships, qualified sports analyst and also to get home news abroad. ( News about Cameroonian players in European leagues).
The king sports, football features prominently in the output of media outlets. Events such as the World Cup, European Nations Cup, African Cup of Nations, Confederations Cup and Uefa Champions league receive widespread media attention. Some 74.5% of Cameroonians see, read or hear more often of football in the media. Lawn tennis, wrestling and athletics have 8.2%, 7.2 and 7.1 coverage respectively.
From this study, we found out that the foreign media does not give a wide coverage of sport activities in Cameroon They practically ignore the Elite championship and even the well loved Mount Cameroon race of hope to talk about corruption in the government of Cameroon, President Biya`s luxurious trips abroad and just like Nicholls K. Boas (2003) opines, the West will never say anything excellent about Africa, Cameroon included. They will always say aberrational things and highlight on conflicts, dictatorship etc even though Africa has some excellent news
A bulk of Cameroonians still prefer local radio to foreign radio for sports. They get most of the home news on local radio and also listen to the radio to get the most current gossips, transfers and match reviews and previews of both local and international leagues.
While foreign media ignores sports made in our country, the coverage of foreign sports in the local media is very high. Local radio stations dedicate much time to talk about the premier league, the Spanish La Liga, Italian Serie A, Bundesliga, French Orange Ligue I and other sports related tales coming from abroad. The reason for this conundrum is the lack of sufficient sports events in our country. Apart from football, the other sporting disciplines in the country are still to prove their worth and do things, while providing the local media with information that will enable it scale its full potential.
In our country, the media gives the pride of place to male sports and very small is said about the national feminine championship, even news about the Indomitable Lionesses in the local media is rare. This is some how in line with government policy that does not facilitate the development of Feminine sport disciplines.
More male prefer foreign TV, 54.9%, while 31.1% of the female flock are for foreign TV. In terms of local TV, 8% female rely on it as to 4% male.
For the programme genre in the illustration above, more males prefer sports, news and politics, while a high number of women like music and others that includes movies, soap operas, talk shows etc.
A high majority of young people between the age of 15 and 25(63%) get their sports from foreign TV, some 12 % of those between 37 and 47 rely on foreign TV as well for sports, 8% of those between 26 and 36 get sports from channels abroad while among those from 48, only 3% prefer foreign media for sports.
For local TV, 3% of those between 37 and 47 years rely on the local media for sports, 30% of those above 48years also prefer and use local media for sports.
Those between 15 and 25 form the greatest majority of sport fans and they are highly exposed to the media for gratification as they get not only sports, but also music, news, movies, soap operas, politics etc.
Chapter Five
Conclusion and Generalisations
In this section, we are going to interpret the data obtained from the field and search for a broader meaning of our findings.
From our findings, we observe that most sport fans, 57.1 % heavily rely on TV as compared to the 21.4 %, 14.3 % and &7.1 % for radio, internet and newspaper. From this finding, we can infer that TV tells the greatest tale about sports in Cameroon because of its visual attractions. And just like George Gerbner(1956) puts it, television has become part of the family, it is the one that tells most of the tale most of the time.
The study confirms the findings of a series of communication scholars like Juliana Koranteng(1998) that of the all sport disciplines such as football, lawn tennis, athletics, boxing, basketball, handball, volleyball, wrestling, rugby, cricket etc., it is football that is seen, read or heard more often in most media outlets, while coverage of the other sporting disciplines is neglected. But since the head of state, President Paul Biya has repeatedly reiterated that there are no minor or major sporting disciplines, the state media has improved on its coverage of the annual Mount Cameroon race of hope and the Cameroon International Cycling Tour.
This pilot study on sports reporting also found out that there is afghanistanism (Tanjong 2006) in the practice of sports reporting. Local reporters sometimes deliberately or unconsciously ignore local sport realities and highlights on sports from distant areas. While 25.5% of our respondents reckon that the local media coverage of foreign sports is very high, 37.8 % of respondents of thesame question feel it is even very high.
There exists a conundrum when we learn that the reverse is right. Foreign media like Supersports, Eurosports, Infosports and even BBC practically ignore Cameroonian sports. For the BBC and other news media that feature sports somewhere in their programming, they highly focus on negativities from Cameroon. They delight in talking about corruption, violence like the February 2008 strike action. The foreign channels like 43.9 % of sports diehards believe, does very small and superficial coverage of Cameroonian sports.
Also, most Cameroonians practice escapism and go for foreign TV rather than local. To them, foreign TV is always at the heart of major events, producing live pictures of matches, better analysis and to get news about Cameroonian players in European topflight leagues.
While local TV seems to be disfavoured by Cameroonian sport pundits, Local radio is still held in high esteem as 59.2 % of Cameroonians prefer it, while 40.2 prefer to get sports on foreign radio like RFI, Africa No. 1, BBC Afrique and World etc.
The foreign TV’s strong presence in our media landscape has led to a kind of domination. As Tanjong (opera citate) and others have hypothesize, media imperialism is the domination of one society’s media by another country’s media. This is the truth when it comes to sports reporting on TV. CRTV may not be able to compete with specialised sport channels like Supersports, Eurosports etc. Cameroonians need an All-Sports TV channel to balance the pendulum.
One very vital revelation of this study is the fact that female sports and athletes are under covered compared to male sports. In the local media in Cameroon, much is said about the Male MTN Elite one Championship, while the National Feminine League is always treated as supplementary information. Sports fans(92.9%) reckon that the media is biased in the reporting of female sports, while 7.1% have maintained that the media gives a honest coverage to all sexes. Scholars like Lou Schwartz, Pirkko Markula, a professor of socio-cultural studies of sport and leisure in the University of Alberta’s Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, Margaret Carlisle Duncan and Michael Alan Messner have been researching about the coverage of female in sports do not receive adequate media coverage. Others have opined that very few female journalists a giving opportunities to report sports.
Sports is used by most media outlets now to catch listeners attention. Comparing it with politics, news, movies, music, others, it is the genre of sports that is most loved(31.6%). 21.4 % prefer news, 16.3 go for music, 11.2% like politics and 19.4 % are for others.
All in all, those who go to the media hope to get satisfaction as Jay Blumler and Elihu Katz(1974) have clarified. The audience actively seeks the media in Cameroon for sports, news, music, politics, movies others for their uses and gratification.
CONCLUSION:
The coverage of major sports has been improved upon by the advancements in communication technologies. It is now very simple to broadcast live matches and the quality of sports reporting has improved as journalists are not just expected to be born sport reporters, but also to go to school to buy skills for reporting sports.
Cameroon still has a long way to go especially with the absence of an All sports media, and women journalists are fighting for their rights to be involved in sports reporting.
In the end, what appears to be right is the fact that female sports is still under covered by the local media, meanwhile other sports disciplines receive superficial coverage in the local media and most Cameroonians seem to prefer foreign TV channels for sports because of the satisfaction they get from watching inspiring commentators and above all, sport fans admire the fidelity of these foreign sport channels in providing all necessary sports news.
Above all this study suggests that it is the foreign TV that sets the agenda in our country. Sports fans in our country rely on foreign TV(most sport fans prefer TV highly for sports). The agenda set by this foreign media is not on the MTN elite I championship, it is rather on the various major European championships like the Spanish, English, French leagues etc
Challenges of Sports Journalism
In Cameroon, sports journalism and writing is now seen as a key element of the wider branding of most newspapers as they reposition their appeal in an effort to attract new readers. But there are still a lot of challenges well known by sport reporters themselves.
According to CRTV Buea sports journalist, Samuel Moto Bokuba, there is only one regular and exclusive sports newspaper in Cameroon at the moment, Ndamba, which is a weekly in French published by Emmanuel Gustave Samnick. Another All-sports newspaper is, This Is Sports, This Is Football, not very regular, and it is edited by Franklin Sone Mbayen.
Mr. Bokuba, who is also the Deputy Station Manager, CRTV Buea notes that others like Global Foot of Emile Ndonkeng, Stades that was a break away of Global Foot, Post Sports published in Yaoundé by Julius Wame, George Fontamo`s Association Sports Magazine that saw the release of only two issues and Cameroon Football Elite ( published in the 80`s by Jean Pierre Betfiang) emerged and after a few publications disappeared.
Local sports reporter, Innocent Mbunwe of The Post newspaper thinks that lack of financial resources has been the largest problem of Cameroonian sports journalist. To him, the absence of money prevents the reporters from even given an ample coverage of the regional football championship it seems increasingly hard to send reporters to far away areas like Ekondo Titi, Mundemba, Mamfe etc.
CRTV`s Matute Menyoli noted that the greatest threat to sports reporting is the scandalous collection of brown envelopes by some sport reporters who go ahead to sing the song of team presidents and sometimes football administrators. Many, according to Matute Menyoli practice “hilton journalism“going to fill their stomachs in the name of covering events.
Veteran journalist, Njomo Kevin, one time sports reporter with the Cameroon Radio Television and Radio Calabar also believes strongly that sports reporting in Cameroon is experiencing falling standard. To Mr. Njomo, the present day sport reporters in Cameroon are different from those in the past as they are so much interested in money, they collect “gombo“ and ignore the fact that they can make it truly only if they place like for their profession, before money.
Njomo Kevin notes that sports journalists in the past in this country had the responsibility of bringing spectators to the playgrounds and he pontificates that it was because of the intimate information that the “brilliant sports reporters” in the past provided that matches that pitted Canon against Tonerre Yaounde and local derbies between Prisons of Buea and PWD Kumba in the 1960s and 1970s produced fireworks.
In spite of the problems, Njomo believes that Cameroon has witnessed some high points in sports journalism and to him, Zachary Nkwo and Peter Essoka are the two mentors who have left an indelible mark in the discipline.
Sports reporter, Simon Lyonga believes that sports journalism is experiencing dwindling fortunes because it is not treated as a course on its own in most Journalism institutions in Cameroon e.g Department of Journalism and Mass Communication in the University of Buea.
Also, Simon Lyonga of the National radio lampoons at some sports reporters who drink alot. He believes that beer tasting makes reporters irresponsible as they appear negatively in the eyes of the public.
RECOMMENDATIONS:
With the major findings of this study as a back up and point of reference, the following recommendations should be applied to get sports reporting back on the rails.
The government that runs the national radio and TV and other regional stations should readily provide finance of the buy of light weight portable and outside broadcast equipment that will enable CRTV give an elaborate coverage of events. CRTV has a lot of money (receiving handouts from the government, licence fee, advertisement), and they should invest greatly in machines and manpower that will facilitate its coverage of sports.
Private individuals and companies or the government should consider making specialised sports media outlets. To Samuel Bokuba, this will greatly be helpful, though attempts at making a specialised radio, TV or newspaper are mostly stifled by lack of resources, absence of advertisers, low readership and the limited number of sport competitions in the country.
For sports reporting to thrive, Njomo Kevin believes strongly that the cub sports reporters have to be passionate about reporting sports itself. He feels that like of the profession can make one highly efficient. To him, most of those who get into sports reporting now, do it because they want money from club presidents and this is what is destroying the fine corners of the discipline.
For sports reporting to flourish, those practising it in our country should try to avoid doing the incorrect things like drinking excessively. They should rather spend time in gainful research about teams and players since they cannot afford to have limited knowledge.
In a bid to limit professional inadequacy, journalists who want to report sports should go to school. Professional courses in sports journalism are beginning to enter the curriculum of some journalism schools like ASMAC. The training should extend even after school with constant participation in workshops for sports reporters etc. If possible, sports reporters should specify in specific disciplines to have mastery so that their style and skill of reporting will be highly appreciated.
It is not enough for female journalists to sit and be complaining that they have small or no place in sports reportage. What they need to do, above all is to prove their worth. Magdalene Soppi Kotto is doing quite well at CRTV and other media houses should involve female spot reporters on their payroll.
Also, though football is the king sports, other sporting disciplines should be covered as well. Media coverage of boxing bouts, handball matches, athletics etc can help to popularise these hitherto relegated sport disciplines.
Moreover, media houses should avoid sexist presentation of athletes. Female athletes who excel should be treated as conquerors. The media for example presents the Indomitable Lions as superior beings and the Lionesses are not given the same treatment and attention.
Advertisers most know that during vital sport competitions like the World Cup and African Nations Cup, they can patronise and sponsor sports programmes because most of them have high listenership and viewership during such periods.
Just like Njomo Kevin puts it, sports reporters have a fantastic role, to make our sports grow and they have the propensity to bring supporters to sport venues.
References
BOOKS:
Acharya (1998), Sports Press in Nepal: A Survey of Sports Pages of the Daily Newspapers, post-graduation thesis
Ingham, R. et al., (1978) Football Hooliganism: The Wider Context, London: Inter-Action Inprint
Stott, C and Pearson, G. (2007) ‘Football Hooliganism: Policing and the War on the English Disease,’ London: Pennant Books
Andrew Baker,(2004), Where am I and Who’s Winning, Yellow Jersey Press, ISBN-13: 978-0224072731, 256 pages
Boyle, Raymond and Haynes, Richard (2004) Football in the New Media Age, Routledge; first edition, ISBN-10: 0415317908
Inabinett, Mark: Grantland Rice and His Heroes: The Sportswriter as Mythmaker in the 1920s. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1994
Pirkko Markula, (July 2009), Olympic Women and the Media,International Perspectives, Palgrave, Macmillan, , ISBN10: 0-230-22284-6, 272 pages
Tanjong,E. (2006), Africa in International Communication, Limbe, Design House
Andrew Boyd (2001, 25) ,Broadcast Journalism, Techniques of Radio and Television News, 5th edition
Articles
David Gallagher (Spring 1991), Public and Private Press in Cameroon, Changing Roles in the New Pluralism
Assala , Boyomo, (1998), Sports Journalism, Specialised Journalism (translated from French) paper presented during a seminar with sport reporters in Yaoundé, unpublished document
Jerry Azar, 1999, The Business of Sports Reporting
Beverley Sinclair, 2010, An open letter to Michael Bascombe, Poor state of Sports reporting in Grenada
Juliana Koranteng 1998 European sports TV channels: Opportunities in the Digital Age
George Gerbner(1956) Gerbner, G., & Yucky, L. (1976). Living with television: The violence profile. Journal of Communication
Re: Misogyny: Women in Music Videos
Video Cam Direct Upload
Video Rating: 4 / 5
Women In Music: An Anthology of Source Readings from the Middle Ages to the Present Reviews
Women In Music: An Anthology of Source Readings from the Middle Ages to the Present
The voices of women such as Abbess Hildegard of Bingen, Clara Schumann, and Marian Anderson resonate as they emerge from the wide range of materials in this volume, which includes letters, diaries, poems, novels, and reviews that reveal women’s achievements not only as patrons and educators but also as composers and performers.
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Why rap “music” sucks.?
Question by punkster_dee: Why rap “music” sucks.?
There have been many boards on the battle against rap. And I 100% agree with all of them. Rappers and “gangsters” are nothing but stereotypical people who reckon beating their women, drugs, cursing, sex, and selling their music to a younger audience is cool. The way they even talk is disgraceful such as “Yo son my low rider is mad tight yo, we gon pick up some hoes and take um to da bar fool”. The thing that upsets me the most is that rappers have absolutely no talent. All they do is sit there- try to make up some bull crap rhymes and then steal a beat from a former hit. How the hell is that talent?! I am a young teenager and I have given rap many chances but I don’t get the concept of it. Look at rock bands such as KoRn, Alice in chains, Nirvana and Green Day. These people have actual talent. They pick up their instruments and sing their heart out because they have actual talent. They give the time to amuse and express their feelings to everyone who likes rock.
Best answer:
Answer by Cristina O
The fact that you said you’re a teenager is enough to prove to me that you really don’t know music.
What you described as ‘rap’ is nothing more than the typical commercial crap that is being played on the radio. that, hun, is NOT real rap.
You said you tried to give rap chances, care to tell me which rappers you listened to, that you just didn’t like? Because there are some incredible artists out there, and I’m willing to bet that you either never even heard of them, or you didn’t try them out.
Plus, you cant possibly say all rock is excellent. I can give you hundreds of examples of bands that have absolutely no talent. (bands which you probably listen to)
Grow up a small, listen to different forms of music (you know, there are more genres than just rock and rap), learn some music history, and then get back to me.
ps-this is coming from a mainly rock lover.
Give your answer to this question below!
ESSENCE Black Women In Music Honoring Mary J. Blige
ESSENCE Black Women In Music Honoring The QUEEN Mary J. Blige.
ps22chorus.blogspot.com Today the new PS22 Chorus of 2010 performed at the Billboard Women In Music Celebration Brunch for Lady Gaga & Beyonce!! UNBELIEVABLE!!!!!
Video Rating: 4 / 5
Are black people interested in anything other than RAP music?
Question by weloveola: Are black people interested in anything other than RAP music?
Are black people interested in anything other than rap? It seems to me they are only intensely interested in rap songs like “this is why i’m hot” and “akon convict music” ? If black women could redirect their efforts away from rap music and toward the treadmill they might really get thin!
IF you want to continue this discussion IM me on AIM
AIM = weloveola
I look forward to hearing from you!
kisses 
Ola
Best answer:
Answer by Ms-trustme
Yes, I do not even like that kind of music. I listen to pretty much everything (excluding opera) except that. I don’t like that garbage
Give me Fall Out Boy, Maroon 5, Evanescence over Akon, Lil Wayne, T.I. any day
Add your own answer in the comments!
How Women Are Portrayed in Hip Hop VIdeos
Industry insiders examine hip-hop and African American women.
Agree or Disagree: Women Generally Have Lower Standards In Regards To “Quality of Music”?
Question by Allu (Ignorance Is Bi-Sexual): Agree or Disagree: Women Generally Have Lower Standards In Regards To “Quality of Music”?
Is it simpler for an artist to please a female fan musically, than it is to please a male fan musically??
Best answer:
Answer by Mark Sake
Agree, although i have heard of some girls with surprisingly excellent taste.
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